FHYA selection of archaeological material collected and excavated from uMgungundlovu and associated institutional material

[Source - Chloe Rushovich for FHYA, 2020, using material provided by eThembeni Cultural Heritage Management, Gavin Whitelaw and Carolyn Hamilton: The uMgungundlovu site served as the capital of the Zulu Kingdom between 1829 and 1839. In 1828, when Dingane kaSenzangakhona succeeded Shaka to the Zulu kingship, he followed his predecessor's custom of building a number of large military amakhanda in the heart of the kingdom. Located within the eMakhosini was the largest of these amakhanda, uMgungundlovu. Fully established by 1829, it served as the royal residence of Dingane and his isigodlo, his principal advisors and a large garrison of his favoured regiments. uMgungundlovu is the best preserved of all the capital amakhanda established during the height of the Zulu Kingdom. The FHYA appointed eThembeni Cultural Heritage Management to identify all archaeological material relating to the uMgungundlovu archaeological site, including descriptions of collections; associated and peripheral materials such as museum documentation, accession information, registers, individual items; and historical notes. The uMgungundlovu archaeological site has the National Site Number Mgungundlovu 2831AD 4. eThembeni Cultural Heritage Management used record cards held at the museum, which they checked against the contents of each box and supplied the FHYA with a full inventory. The FHYA then made a selection of items for digitisation from this inventory and commissioned eThembeni to: digitise the full paper-based archive including all museum record cards; photograph all small finds and all notable items not classified as small finds; as well as to provide photographs of single sorting tray of the contents of each box classified as "diagnostic material"; and one photograph of a single sorting tray from one box out of the series of boxes containing each type of undiagnostic material. They were also commissioned to photograph all the museum boxes and labels pertinent to the above selection. eThembeni identified material from multiple excavations located at two institutions, the KwaZulu-Natal Museum and Amafa, as well as items collected from the site and held at the Msunduzi Museum and personal research materials in the hands of individual excavators. A total of four controlled excavation projects have been conducted at uMgungundlovu. In 1974 and 1975 members of the Archaeology Department of the University of Cape Town (UCT), led by Parkington, Mike Cronin, Cedric Poggenpoel, and Heinz Ruther, a survey specialist, explored the size and layout of the site and excavated. Parkington noted to the FHYA that his primary interest in the site related to the organisation of space. They were further assisted by Jeremy Baskin, John Wright, Chrissie Sievers, Simon Hall, Polly Scott and Frank Silberbauer. In 1975 advice was also provided by Martin Hall and Tim Maggs. Their excavations included clay floors in the isigodlo area, part of the isidoglo midden, hut floors from the Bheje, and hut floors associated with warrior houses. These excavations were suggested by Mr. George Chadwick of the National Monuments Council. The bulk of this archaeological material appears to be held within the Amafa Pietermaritzburg offices (Amafa PMB), where there are 40 large cardboard boxes of material excavated in 1974 and 1975. This material includes thousands of fragments of diagnostic and adiagnostic pottery sherds of 'Zulu' origin; also, some 'Zulu' beads; and a small quantity of fragments of adiagnostic teeth and bones. It is worth noting that none of the + 560 boxes of Amafa PMB uMgungundlovu archaeological materials are recorded within a digital format. The only information resides within a hand-written catalogue, for which eThembeni has created digital data. This required checking all the handwritten notes against the collection boxes contents. The Amafa PMB 1978 artefact collection is significantly smaller, consisting of only 5 cardboard boxes, all of which are attributed to excavations conducted by Oliver Davies. It was during these excavations that the bulk of the material excavated from Dingane's floor was reputed to have been collected. However, this particular collection seems to consist only of metal remnants, faunal materials (teeth and bone), clay pipes, wooden remains, shells, ear plugs, earthenware and European glass and porcelain. Between 1983 and 1994, further work continued at the site under the auspices of the Natal Provincial Museums Service. This work was led by Frans Roodt, who worked on the hut floors from the Bheje areas as well as the isigodlo and the eastern side of uMgungundlovu. Consequently, the bulk of the archaeological material from the 1983, 1985 to 1992, and 1994 excavations is held in over 500 large cardboard artefact boxes at the Amafa PMB offices. Further material was collected by Ds. Stander during the period between 1949 and 1974. This material is housed at the Msunduzi museum. One of the aims of the FHYA is to enable the digital reunification of items, in this case, the dispersed archaeological record of uMgungundlovu. The FHYA eMandulo uMgungundlovu curation combines the archaeological material with associated institutional material.]