Hlubi – Timeline

isiZulu version

The Making of the Hlubi Archive: a work-in-progress timeline

This timeline provides a guide to the available materials that speak to the Hlubi past. These materials include recorded oral accounts, colonial documents and items of material culture, as well as published and unpublished written accounts. Some of these materials are already available in the Hlubi archive on EMANDULO, can be accessed elsewhere online via a link in the timeline, or are available in a publication. The timeline also features major events pertinent to Hlubi history.

Others are materials that EMANDULO seeks to locate or be given. To contribute material to the Hlubi archive and the work-in-progress timeline please contact 500YearArchive@gmail.com.

1877

Lucy Lloyd visited Uitvlugt where a wife of Langalibalele, Nokwatuga, presented two “Strainers (Thluzo) used in the manufacture of Native Beer Natives of Natal”

1880

1 September 1880

Mehlomakhulu kaMpangazitha published ‘Statement of Mathlomahulu’, Cape Monthly Magazine, July-December volume, pp. 163-164. .

1887

20 April 1887

Lucy Lloyd visited Uitvlugt where she was given two woven household items made by a wife of Langalibalele. Uvangi presented a covered basket and isithebe, described as a “meat dish”.

27 April 1887

Charles Pamla published an article, ‘Ama-Xhosa naba-Mbo’ in Imvo Zabantsundu, p 3, discussing links between diasporic amaHlubi and amaMfengu (Reprint and translation into English published by Opland, J. and Mtuze, P. T. (Eds. & trans.). (2019). Iimbali Zamandulo: Stories of the Past (1838-1910). Pietermaritzburg: UKZN Press, pp. 278-287).

1887

April-August, William Gqoba published ‘Imbali yase Mbo’ in Isigidimi sama-Xosa, which included discussion of amaHlubi and their history (Reprint and translation into English published Opland, J., Kuse, W. & Maseko, P. (Eds.). (2015). William Wellington Gqoba: Isizwe Esinembali: Xhosa Histories and Poetry (1873-1888), Pietermaritzburg: UKZN Press, pp. 300-349).

1887

Langalibalele and his family were released from captivity at Uitvlugt and returned to Natal. They were placed under the supervision of Teteluku kaLaduma at Zwartkop Location.

1 November 1887

Pambani Mzimba published ‘Imbali yase Mbo: No. 1’ in Isigidimi sama-Xosa which included discussion of amaHlubi and their history (Reprint and translation into English published by Opland, J. and Mtuze, P. T. (Eds. & trans.). (2019). Iimbali Zamandulo: Stories of the Past (1838-1910). Pietermaritzburg: UKZN Press, pp. 288-303).

1888

2 January 1888

Pambani Mzimba published ‘Imbali yase Mbo: No. 2’ in Isigidimi sama-Xosa which included discussion of amaHlubi and their history (Reprint and translation into English published by Opland, J. and Mtuze, P. T. (Eds. & trans.). (2019). Iimbali Zamandulo: Stories of the Past (1838-1910). Pietermaritzburg: UKZN Press, pp. 288-303).

1 February 1888

Pambani Mzimba published ‘Imbali yase Mbo: No. 3’ in Isigidimi sama-Xosa which included discussion of amaHlubi and their history (Reprint and translation into English published by Opland, J. and Mtuze, P. T. (Eds. & trans.). (2019). Iimbali Zamandulo: Stories of the Past (1838-1910). Pietermaritzburg: UKZN Press, pp. 288-303).

1889

Death of Nkosi Langalibalele kaMthimkhulu at Zwartkop location. He was buried at his Bhekezulu umuzi in the Hlubi location.

1905

30 June 1905

The first in a series of conversations between Sivivi kaMaqungo and James Stuart took place [KCAL, Stuart Papers, File 62, nbk. 74, 83 & 84; translated, published version available in C. de B. Webb & J. B. Wright (Eds.) (2001), The James Stuart Archive of Recorded Oral Evidence Relating to the History of the Zulu and Neighbouring Peoples, Volume 5, Pietermaritzburg, pp 367-383.

W. C. Scully, ‘Fragments of native history. IV. The Amahlubi and the Amangwane, I,’ The State, pp. 595-603.

1909

27 January 1909

Testimony of Mabhonsa kaSidlayi.[KCAL, Stuart Papers, File 59, nbk. 29 &30; translated, published version available in C. de B. Webb & J. B. Wright (Eds.) (1979), The James Stuart Archive of Recorded Oral Evidence Relating to the History of the Zulu and Neighbouring Peoples, Volume 2, Pietermaritzburg, pp 11-41.]

1909

W. C. Scully, ‘Fragments of native history, IV-VI: The Amahlubi and the Amangwane,’ The State, September – November 1909, pp. 284-603.

CREDITS

FHYA would like to acknowledge the commitment of Iziko Museums of South Africa, Killie Campbell Africana Library of the University of KwaZulu-Natal and the KwaZulu-Natal Museum to making their holdings openly accessible and the generosity of their staff in making this presentation possible. Presentation prepared by FHYA in 2023, using materials collected by Steven Kotze in partnership with Lailah Hisham (Iziko), Senzosenkosi Mkhize (Killie Campbell Africana Library of the University of KwaZulu-Natal), Justine Wintjes and Dimakatso Tlhoaele (KwaZulu-Natal Museum), Zukisa Madyibi (Walter Sisulu University), Thozama April and Sinazo Mtshemla (University of Fort Hare) and Robert Hart (Duggan-Cronin Gallery, McGregor Museum). Archival curation prepared by Benathi Marufu with assistance from Debra Pryor. Visual curation, page design, and development by Vanessa Chen with assistance from Makhosi Mkhize and Studio de Greef. Technical support provided by Hussein Suleman. Written content produced by Steven Kotze and Carolyn Hamilton, drawing on, amongst other things, recent research by John Wright and Carolyn Hamilton. Editorial and conceptual support by Carolyn Hamilton. The FHYA is especially grateful for the ongoing research support of Muziwandile Hadebe and the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Archives, and would further like to thank Mwelela Cele, Patricia Davison, Nessa Leibhammer, John Wright and Gavin Whitelaw for their assistance and advice during the preparation of this curation. Our presentations are archived here. If you wish to make a contribution, use this link.

EMANDULO

EMANDULO is an experimental digital platform, in ongoing development, for engaging with resources pertinent to southern African history before colonialism across what is today eSwatini, KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho, and the Eastern Cape.

Online from: 13 November 2023