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Female figure
[ Source of title : Nessa Leibhammer using JAG materials ]
Object
Textual record
Johannesburg Art Gallery (JAG)
JL-A-22
Creative Commons License: CC BY-NC-ND https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Unless otherwise stated the copyright of all material on the FHYA resides with the contributing institution/custodian.
Description [Source - Debra Pryor for FHYA, 2022, using spreadsheet created by Nessa Leibhammer for the South African Heritage Resources Information System (SAHRIS), from JAG materials in 2015: Object description: Female companion piece to A-21. Figure also only extends down to upper thighs. Her arms are held close to her sides. She wears a leather skirt/isidwaba, a wide flared hat, has a large round earring/ iziqhaza in each ear and a number of necklaces all carved from the same wood block. Object code: JL-A-22; Object common name: female figure; Object local name: umfanekiso womunti/imifankiso yomuntu ; Object form type: female figure; Object material type: wood, pokerwork; U5 Technique: carving; Colours: Dark brown, black, white; Inscriptions: ; Dimension comment: 21,1 x 6,1 x 6; objectage: early/mid 20th centiry; Production place: KwaZulu-Natal; Cultural association: North Nguni; Place of use: KwaZulu-Natal; Provenance: .]
Attributions and conjectures [Source - Nessa Leibhammer for FHYA, 2017: Comments on classification: In his 'A Preliminary Survey of the Bantu Tribes of South Africa', Union of South Africa, Department of Native Affairs, Ethnological Publications, Vol. 5, Pretoria, Government Printer, (1935): 7, 70-83, national government ethnologist, Nicholas Van Warmelo did not use the term "North Nguni". He grouped people living both north and south of the Thukela, under one umbrella term, "Natal Nguni", based on linguistic affinity. His classification was adapted by the ethnology curator, Margaret Shaw, in her 1958 "System of Cataloguing Ethnographic Material in Museums" which determined that items from the region were to be classified as "Natal Nguni: Zulu and others (not differentiated)." According to art historian, Anitra Nettleton, the classificatory system used by art galleries and museum shifted from Shaw's model to the one where "Natal Nguni" fell away and was replaced by "North/Northern Nguni" for KwaZulu-Natal and Swaziland because scholars found it difficult to distinguish items from adjacent areas, or emigrant people from those from the KZN region. Scholars working with the JAG materials used broad ethno-linguistic categories (Zulu, Xhosa, Tsonga, Shona, Sotho, Tswana) to identify the makers/users of the objects, all of which came to JAG without much by way of provenance, and identification was based on factors such as object type, materials, formal composition, style and surface patterning (emails A. Nettleton to N. Leibhammer, 25 and 28 November 2014). Jonathan Lowen employed Margaret Carey, a British ethnologist, to catalogue his collection in the winter of 1983-84. She classified many of the objects as 'Zulu' (sic) simply because of a lack of information about the objects. (Rhoda Rosen citing Sandra Klopper.)]
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